{"id":8351,"date":"2026-03-01T11:50:03","date_gmt":"2026-03-01T07:50:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/?p=8351"},"modified":"2026-03-01T11:53:18","modified_gmt":"2026-03-01T07:53:18","slug":"helicobacter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/","title":{"rendered":"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t<div id=\"text-583707958\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2 data-start=\"3966\" data-end=\"4000\">Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4002\" data-end=\"4099\">is a spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4194\">The infection is one of the most common worldwide and plays a key role in the development of:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4196\" data-end=\"4299\">\n<li data-start=\"4196\" data-end=\"4218\">\n<p data-start=\"4198\" data-end=\"4218\">chronic gastritis,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4219\" data-end=\"4244\">\n<p data-start=\"4221\" data-end=\"4244\">peptic ulcer disease,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4245\" data-end=\"4271\">\n<p data-start=\"4247\" data-end=\"4271\">gastric MALT lymphoma,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4272\" data-end=\"4299\">\n<p data-start=\"4274\" data-end=\"4299\">gastric adenocarcinoma.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4301\" data-end=\"4455\">According to international consensus guidelines <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35944925\/\">(Maastricht VI, ACG),<\/a> H. pylori is considered an infectious disease that should be treated when confirmed.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4457\" data-end=\"4460\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4462\" data-end=\"4488\">Causes and Transmission<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4490\" data-end=\"4523\">The infection is transmitted via:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4525\" data-end=\"4594\">\n<li data-start=\"4525\" data-end=\"4546\">\n<p data-start=\"4527\" data-end=\"4546\">fecal\u2013oral route,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4547\" data-end=\"4567\">\n<p data-start=\"4549\" data-end=\"4567\">oral\u2013oral route,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4568\" data-end=\"4594\">\n<p data-start=\"4570\" data-end=\"4594\">close household contact.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4596\" data-end=\"4644\">Infection most commonly occurs during childhood.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"4646\" data-end=\"4662\">Risk factors<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4664\" data-end=\"4751\">\n<li data-start=\"4664\" data-end=\"4694\">\n<p data-start=\"4666\" data-end=\"4694\">crowded living conditions,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4695\" data-end=\"4724\">\n<p data-start=\"4697\" data-end=\"4724\">low socioeconomic status,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4725\" data-end=\"4751\">\n<p data-start=\"4727\" data-end=\"4751\">infected family members.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4753\" data-end=\"4756\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4758\" data-end=\"4795\">Main Pathophysiological Mechanisms<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4797\" data-end=\"4907\">H. pylori survives in the acidic gastric environment by producing urease, which breaks down urea into ammonia.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4909\" data-end=\"4950\">Key mechanisms of mucosal damage include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4952\" data-end=\"5129\">\n<li data-start=\"4952\" data-end=\"4977\">\n<p data-start=\"4954\" data-end=\"4977\">chronic inflammation,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4978\" data-end=\"5026\">\n<p data-start=\"4980\" data-end=\"5026\">disruption of the protective mucous barrier,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5027\" data-end=\"5054\">\n<p data-start=\"5029\" data-end=\"5054\">altered acid secretion,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5055\" data-end=\"5075\">\n<p data-start=\"5057\" data-end=\"5075\">mucosal atrophy,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5076\" data-end=\"5129\">\n<p data-start=\"5078\" data-end=\"5129\">intestinal metaplasia with long-standing infection.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5131\" data-end=\"5197\">Chronic infection increases the risk of neoplastic transformation.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5199\" data-end=\"5202\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5204\" data-end=\"5215\">Symptoms<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5217\" data-end=\"5260\">Most infected individuals are asymptomatic.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5262\" data-end=\"5297\">When present, symptoms may include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5299\" data-end=\"5430\">\n<li data-start=\"5299\" data-end=\"5333\">\n<p data-start=\"5301\" data-end=\"5333\">epigastric pain or discomfort,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5334\" data-end=\"5360\">\n<p data-start=\"5336\" data-end=\"5360\">postprandial fullness,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5361\" data-end=\"5372\">\n<p data-start=\"5363\" data-end=\"5372\">nausea,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5373\" data-end=\"5386\">\n<p data-start=\"5375\" data-end=\"5386\">bloating,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5387\" data-end=\"5401\">\n<p data-start=\"5389\" data-end=\"5401\">heartburn,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5402\" data-end=\"5430\">\n<p data-start=\"5404\" data-end=\"5430\">recurrent ulcer-type pain.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5432\" data-end=\"5514\">Important: symptoms alone are not sufficient for diagnosis without proper testing.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5516\" data-end=\"5519\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5521\" data-end=\"5553\">Diagnosis (Modern Guidelines)<\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"5555\" data-end=\"5571\">When to Test<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5573\" data-end=\"5599\">Testing is recommended in:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5601\" data-end=\"5817\">\n<li data-start=\"5601\" data-end=\"5687\">\n<p data-start=\"5603\" data-end=\"5687\">dyspepsia in patients under 60 without alarm symptoms (\u201ctest and treat\u201d strategy),<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5688\" data-end=\"5713\">\n<p data-start=\"5690\" data-end=\"5713\">peptic ulcer disease,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5714\" data-end=\"5732\">\n<p data-start=\"5716\" data-end=\"5732\">MALT lymphoma,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5733\" data-end=\"5756\">\n<p data-start=\"5735\" data-end=\"5756\">atrophic gastritis,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5757\" data-end=\"5781\">\n<p data-start=\"5759\" data-end=\"5781\">long-term NSAID use,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5782\" data-end=\"5817\">\n<p data-start=\"5784\" data-end=\"5817\">family history of gastric cancer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"5819\" data-end=\"5822\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"5824\" data-end=\"5846\">Diagnostic Methods<\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"5848\" data-end=\"5865\">Non-invasive<\/h4>\n<ul data-start=\"5867\" data-end=\"6030\">\n<li data-start=\"5867\" data-end=\"5934\">\n<p data-start=\"5869\" data-end=\"5934\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter-pylori\/\">\u00b9\u00b3C \/ \u00b9\u2074C urea breath test \u2014 most accurate non-invasive method.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5935\" data-end=\"5968\">\n<p data-start=\"5937\" data-end=\"5968\">H. pylori stool antigen test.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5969\" data-end=\"6030\">\n<p data-start=\"5971\" data-end=\"6030\">Serology (IgG) \u2014 not suitable for eradication confirmation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"6032\" data-end=\"6058\">Invasive (<a href=\"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/gastroscopy\/\">during EGD)<\/a><\/h4>\n<ul data-start=\"6060\" data-end=\"6145\">\n<li data-start=\"6060\" data-end=\"6074\">\n<p data-start=\"6062\" data-end=\"6074\">histology,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6075\" data-end=\"6097\">\n<p data-start=\"6077\" data-end=\"6097\">rapid urease test,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6098\" data-end=\"6106\">\n<p data-start=\"6100\" data-end=\"6106\">PCR,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6107\" data-end=\"6145\">\n<p data-start=\"6109\" data-end=\"6145\">culture (for resistance assessment).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"6147\" data-end=\"6150\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6152\" data-end=\"6179\">Eradication Confirmation<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"6181\" data-end=\"6284\">Performed no earlier than 4 weeks after completion of therapy and at least 2 weeks after stopping PPIs.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6286\" data-end=\"6304\">Preferred methods:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6306\" data-end=\"6352\">\n<li data-start=\"6306\" data-end=\"6327\">\n<p data-start=\"6308\" data-end=\"6327\">urea breath test,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6328\" data-end=\"6352\">\n<p data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6352\">or stool antigen test.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"6354\" data-end=\"6357\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6359\" data-end=\"6392\">Treatment <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35944925\/\">(Maastricht VI, ACG)<\/a><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"6394\" data-end=\"6443\">H. pylori infection requires eradication therapy.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6445\" data-end=\"6471\">Regimen choice depends on:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6473\" data-end=\"6569\">\n<li data-start=\"6473\" data-end=\"6512\">\n<p data-start=\"6475\" data-end=\"6512\">regional clarithromycin resistance,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6513\" data-end=\"6537\">\n<p data-start=\"6515\" data-end=\"6537\">previous treatments,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6538\" data-end=\"6552\">\n<p data-start=\"6540\" data-end=\"6552\">allergies,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6553\" data-end=\"6569\">\n<p data-start=\"6555\" data-end=\"6569\">comorbidities.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"6571\" data-end=\"6646\">Empirical triple therapy without considering resistance is not recommended.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6648\" data-end=\"6651\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6653\" data-end=\"6678\">Treatment Side Effects<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"6680\" data-end=\"6749\">\n<li data-start=\"6680\" data-end=\"6691\">\n<p data-start=\"6682\" data-end=\"6691\">nausea,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6692\" data-end=\"6705\">\n<p data-start=\"6694\" data-end=\"6705\">diarrhea,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6706\" data-end=\"6725\">\n<p data-start=\"6708\" data-end=\"6725\">metallic taste,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6726\" data-end=\"6749\">\n<p data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"6749\">abdominal discomfort.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"6751\" data-end=\"6796\">Adherence to therapy is critical for success.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6798\" data-end=\"6801\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6803\" data-end=\"6837\">Complications Without Treatment<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"6839\" data-end=\"6956\">\n<li data-start=\"6839\" data-end=\"6864\">\n<p data-start=\"6841\" data-end=\"6864\">peptic ulcer disease,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6865\" data-end=\"6895\">\n<p data-start=\"6867\" data-end=\"6895\">gastrointestinal bleeding,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6896\" data-end=\"6919\">\n<p data-start=\"6898\" data-end=\"6919\">atrophic gastritis,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6920\" data-end=\"6939\">\n<p data-start=\"6922\" data-end=\"6939\">gastric cancer,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6940\" data-end=\"6956\">\n<p data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"6956\">MALT lymphoma.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"6958\" data-end=\"6998\">Eradication reduces gastric cancer risk.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7000\" data-end=\"7003\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"7005\" data-end=\"7028\">When to See a Doctor<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"7030\" data-end=\"7227\">\n<li data-start=\"7030\" data-end=\"7055\">\n<p data-start=\"7032\" data-end=\"7055\">persistent dyspepsia,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7056\" data-end=\"7083\">\n<p data-start=\"7058\" data-end=\"7083\">recurrent stomach pain,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7084\" data-end=\"7109\">\n<p data-start=\"7086\" data-end=\"7109\">peptic ulcer disease,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7110\" data-end=\"7153\">\n<p data-start=\"7112\" data-end=\"7153\">H. pylori infection in close relatives,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7154\" data-end=\"7191\">\n<p data-start=\"7156\" data-end=\"7191\">family history of gastric cancer,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7192\" data-end=\"7227\">\n<p data-start=\"7194\" data-end=\"7227\">need for long-term NSAID therapy.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"7229\" data-end=\"7232\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"7234\" data-end=\"7254\">Clinical Emphasis<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"7256\" data-end=\"7306\">H. pylori is an infection, not a \u201cnormal variant.\u201d<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7308\" data-end=\"7396\">Modern guidelines support the principle:<br data-start=\"7348\" data-end=\"7351\" \/><strong data-start=\"7351\" data-end=\"7396\">detect and treat, unless contraindicated.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-583707958 {\n  font-size: 1rem;\n  line-height: 1;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<a data-animate=\"bounceIn\" class=\"button alert is-shade box-shadow-5-hover expand\" style=\"border-radius:99px;\">\n\t\t<span>ONLINE BOOKING<\/span>\n\t<i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a>\n\n\n<div class=\"row row-small\"  id=\"row-2063734204\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1533144470\" class=\"col small-6 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n    (function (win, fn) {\n        var done = false, top = true,\n            doc = win.document,\n            root = doc.documentElement,\n            modern = doc.addEventListener,\n            add = modern ? 'addEventListener' : 'attachEvent',\n            rem = modern ? 'removeEventListener' : 'detachEvent',\n            pre = modern ? '' : 'on',\n            init = function (e) {\n                if (e.type == 'readystatechange') if (doc.readyState != 'complete') return;\n                (e.type == 'load' ? win : doc)[rem](pre + e.type, init, false);\n                if (!done) {\n                    done = true;\n                    fn.call(win, e.type || e);\n                }\n            },\n            poll = function () {\n                try {\n                    root.doScroll('left');\n                } catch (e) {\n                    setTimeout(poll, 50);\n                    return;\n                }\n                init('poll');\n            };\n        if (doc.readyState == 'complete') fn.call(win, 'lazy');\n        else {\n            if (!modern) if (root.doScroll) {\n                try {\n                    top = !win.frameElement;\n                } catch (e) {\n                }\n                if (top) poll();\n            }\n            doc[add](pre + 'DOMContentLoaded', init, false);\n            doc[add](pre + 'readystatechange', init, false);\n            win[add](pre + 'load', init, false);\n        }\n    })(window, function () {\n        window.BooklyServicesForm.showForm(\"bookly-services-form-hp-test\", \"bookly-services-form-hp-test-6a0c62eda7db3\", {\"main_color\":\"#162248\",\"service_card_width\":300,\"service_header_height\":80,\"staff_card_width\":260,\"hide_borders\":true,\"show_book_more\":true,\"show_qr_code\":true,\"show_calendar\":true,\"show_services_filter\":false,\"show_staff_filter\":false,\"show_staff_rating\":false,\"show_timezone\":false,\"show_receipt_on_cart\":true,\"show_receipt_on_payment\":true,\"skip_cart_step\":false,\"use_cart_local_storage\":true,\"default_service\":\"1\",\"default_staff\":null,\"service_card_show_badge\":false,\"package_card_show_badge\":true,\"gift_card_show_badge\":true,\"services_fields_order\":[\"service\",\"duration\",\"price\",\"staff\"],\"services_fields_show\":[\"service\",\"price\"],\"packages_fields_order\":[\"package\",\"service\",\"duration\",\"price\",\"staff\"],\"packages_fields_show\":[\"package\",\"service\",\"duration\",\"price\"],\"gift_cards_fields_order\":[\"title\",\"price\"],\"gift_cards_fields_show\":[\"title\",\"price\"],\"show_first_slot_only\":false,\"show_gift_cards\":true,\"show_add_to_calendar\":false,\"show_slot_info\":false,\"sell_services\":true,\"sell_gift_cards\":false,\"full_name_required\":true,\"first_name_required\":true,\"last_name_required\":true,\"email_required\":true,\"phone_required\":true,\"address_required\":false,\"birthday_required\":false,\"verify_credentials\":false,\"show_summary_service\":true,\"show_summary_staff\":true,\"show_summary_date\":true,\"show_summary_price\":true,\"show_blocked_slots\":false,\"show_change_date\":false,\"initial_view\":\"form\",\"hidden_services\":[],\"hidden_gift_cards\":[],\"details_fields_order\":[\"text\",\"full_name\",\"first_name\",\"last_name\",\"email\",\"phone\",\"address\",\"notes\",\"birthday\",\"terms\",\"google_maps\",\"custom_fields\"],\"details_fields_width\":{\"text\":12,\"full_name\":12,\"first_name\":6,\"last_name\":6,\"email\":6,\"phone\":6,\"google_maps\":12,\"address\":12,\"notes\":12,\"birthday\":12,\"terms\":12,\"custom_fields\":[]},\"details_fields_show\":[\"text\",\"first_name\",\"last_name\",\"email\",\"phone\",\"custom_fields\"],\"cards_display_mode\":\"with_slots\",\"available_dates\":\"schedule\",\"show_services_mode\":\"no_any\",\"address\":{\"order\":[\"country\",\"state\",\"postcode\",\"city\",\"street\",\"street_number\",\"additional_address\"],\"show\":[\"country\",\"state\",\"postcode\",\"city\",\"street\",\"street_number\",\"additional_address\"],\"labels\":{\"country\":\"\\u0421\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0430\",\"state\":\"\\u0428\\u0442\\u0430\\u0442\\\/\\u0420\\u0435\\u0433\\u0438\\u043e\\u043d\",\"postcode\":\"\\u041f\\u043e\\u0447\\u0442\\u043e\\u0432\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0438\\u043d\\u0434\\u0435\\u043a\\u0441\",\"city\":\"\\u0413\\u043e\\u0440\\u043e\\u0434\",\"street\":\"\\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u0430 \\u0438 \\u043d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440 \\u0434\\u043e\\u043c\\u0430\",\"street_number\":\"\\u041d\\u043e\\u043c\\u0435\\u0440 \\u0423\\u043b\\u0438\\u0446\\u044b\",\"additional_address\":\"\\u0414\\u043e\\u043f\\u043e\\u043b\\u043d\\u0438\\u0442\\u0435\\u043b\\u044c\\u043d\\u044b\\u0439 \\u0430\\u0434\\u0440\\u0435\\u0441\"}},\"l10n\":{\"steps\":{\"calendar\":\"Beginning\",\"extras\":\"Supplements\",\"slots\":\"Time\",\"cart\":\"Shopping cart\",\"details\":\"Details\",\"payment\":\"Payment\",\"done\":\"Finalize\"},\"steps_descriptions\":{\"calendar\":\"Select a service\",\"extras\":\"Add extras\",\"slots\":\"Select a time\",\"cart\":\"Check the shopping cart\",\"details\":\"Your data\",\"payment\":\"Pay for your reservation\",\"done\":\"Done\"},\"address_label\":\"Address\",\"address_placeholders\":{\"country\":\"Country\",\"state\":\"State\\\/Region\",\"postcode\":\"Postal code\",\"city\":\"City\",\"street\":\"Street and house number\",\"street_number\":\"Street Number\",\"additional_address\":\"Additional address\"},\"notes\":\"Notes\",\"birthday\":\"Birthday\",\"staff\":\"Personnel\",\"any_staff\":\"Any\",\"service\":\"Service\",\"gift_card\":\"Gift card\",\"gift_card_title\":\"Gift card\",\"date\":\"Date\",\"time\":\"Time\",\"price\":\"Price\",\"next\":\"Next\",\"back\":\"Back\",\"select_service\":\"Select a service\",\"select_staff\":\"Any\",\"book_now\":\"Book\",\"buy_now\":\"Buy Now\",\"book_more\":\"Book more\",\"close\":\"Close\",\"full_name\":\"Full Name\",\"full_name_error_required\":\"Obligatory\",\"first_name\":\"Name\",\"first_name_error_required\":\"Obligatory\",\"last_name\":\"Surname\",\"last_name_error_required\":\"Obligatory\",\"email\":\"Email\",\"email_error_required\":\"Obligatory\",\"phone\":\"Phone\",\"phone_error_required\":\"Obligatory\",\"address_field_required\":\"Obligatory\",\"birthday_error_required\":\"Obligatory\",\"no_slots\":\"No time slots available\",\"slot_not_available\":\"The interval is already booked\",\"no_results\":\"No results found\",\"nop\":\"Number of persons\",\"booking_success\":\"Thank you!\",\"booking_error\":\"Oops!\",\"booking_completed\":\"Reservations are finalized.\",\"order_id\":\"Your order number\",\"gift_card_booking_completed\":\"Your gift card has been created.\",\"processing\":\"Your payment has been accepted for processing.\",\"group_skip_payment\":\"The payment step has been skipped.\",\"payment_impossible\":\"There are no payment methods available. Please contact the service provider.\",\"appointments_limit_reached\":\"You use the booking form too often. Please contact us to place your order.\",\"terms_text\":\"I agree to the terms of service\",\"text_calendar\":\"Please select a service\",\"text_extras\":\"Select the desired additions (multiple choice)\",\"text_slots\":\"Click on the time slot to continue booking\",\"text_details\":\"Please provide your details in the form below to proceed with your booking\",\"text_payment\":\"Please let us know how you would like to pay\",\"gift_card_label\":\"Gift card\",\"gift_card_button\":\"Apply\",\"gift_card_text\":\"Gift card code, if you have one\",\"gift_card_expired\":\"This gift card has expired\",\"gift_card_invalid\":\"This gift card cannot be used for the current order\",\"gift_card_low_balance\":\"The card's denomination is not enough for payment\",\"gift_card_not_found\":\"Gift card not found\",\"timezone\":\"Your time zone\",\"select_city\":\"Select a city\",\"add_to_calendar\":\"Add to calendar\",\"total\":\"Total\",\"sub_total\":\"Subtotal\",\"discount\":\"Discount\",\"to_pay\":\"Amount due\",\"verify_code\":\"Confirmation code\",\"verify_email\":\"Enter the confirmation code from the e-mail\",\"verify_phone\":\"Enter the confirmation code from SMS\",\"verify_resend\":\"Send the code again\",\"verify_apply\":\"Apply\",\"verify_code_incorrect\":\"Incorrect confirmation code\",\"cart_item_not_available\":\"The selected time is no longer available\",\"initial_view_button_title\":\"View\",\"categories\":\"\",\"text_categories\":\"Please select a category\",\"text_services\":\"Please select a service\",\"more\":\"+  %d\"},\"type\":\"services-form\",\"category_card_width\":260,\"category_header_height\":120,\"category_body_height\":240,\"step_service_card_width\":300,\"step_service_card_header_height\":60,\"step_service_card_body_height\":166,\"categories_list\":null,\"services_list\":[\"5\"],\"skip_categories_step\":true,\"skip_services_step\":true,\"services_any\":false,\"staff_any\":false,\"events_any\":false,\"name\":\"HP test\",\"custom_css\":\"\",\"token\":\"hp-test\"});\n    });\n    var ajaxurl = \"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?lang=en\";\n<\/script>\n<style>\n    .bookly-services-form-hp-test-6a0c62eda7db3 {\n        --bookly-color: #162248;\n    }\n\n    :root {\n        --bookly-flags-url: url(https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/plugins\/bookly-responsive-appointment-booking-tool\/frontend\/resources\/images\/flags.png);\n        --bookly-flags2x-url: url(https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/plugins\/bookly-responsive-appointment-booking-tool\/frontend\/resources\/images\/flags@2x.png);\n        --rtl-phone-align: left;\n    }\n<\/style>\n<div id=\"bookly-services-form-hp-test-6a0c62eda7db3\" class=\"bookly-services-form-container bookly-services-form-hp-test-6a0c62eda7db3\"><\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8345,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment | Gastro Health Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Helicobacter pylori: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in Yerevan. When testing is needed and how eradication is performed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment | Gastro Health Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Helicobacter pylori: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in Yerevan. When testing is needed and how eradication is performed.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Gastro Health Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/gastroclinic.am\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/gastroclinic.am\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-03-01T07:50:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-01T07:53:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/helico.avif\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"850\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"850\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Gastro health center\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Gastro health center\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Gastro health center\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b2e39657479ef78838b4a6b4a51d495b\"},\"headline\":\"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-01T07:50:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-01T07:53:18+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":437,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/helico.avif\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/\",\"name\":\"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment | Gastro Health Center\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/helico.avif\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-01T07:50:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-01T07:53:18+00:00\",\"description\":\"Helicobacter pylori: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in Yerevan. When testing is needed and how eradication is performed.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/helico.avif\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/03\\\/helico.avif\",\"width\":850,\"height\":850,\"caption\":\"Helicobacter pylori \u0425\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0540\u0565\u056c\u056b\u056f\u0578\u0562\u0561\u056f\u057f\u0565\u0580 \u057a\u056b\u056c\u0578\u0580\u056b\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/helicobacter\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"Gastro Health Center\",\"description\":\"Specialized Gastroenterology Center\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"Gastro Clinic\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Gastro Health Center\",\"alternateName\":\"Gastro Clinic\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/10\\\/icon.avif\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/10\\\/icon.avif\",\"width\":708,\"height\":768,\"caption\":\"Gastro Health Center\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/gastroclinic.am\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b2e39657479ef78838b4a6b4a51d495b\",\"name\":\"Gastro health center\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/gastroclinic.am\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/gastroclinicmc\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gastroclinic.am\\\/en\\\/author\\\/gastroadmin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment | Gastro Health Center","description":"Helicobacter pylori: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in Yerevan. When testing is needed and how eradication is performed.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment | Gastro Health Center","og_description":"Helicobacter pylori: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in Yerevan. When testing is needed and how eradication is performed.","og_url":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/","og_site_name":"Gastro Health Center","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/gastroclinic.am","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/gastroclinic.am","article_published_time":"2026-03-01T07:50:03+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-03-01T07:53:18+00:00","og_image":[{"width":850,"height":850,"url":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/helico.avif","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Gastro health center","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Gastro health center","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/"},"author":{"name":"Gastro health center","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/b2e39657479ef78838b4a6b4a51d495b"},"headline":"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment","datePublished":"2026-03-01T07:50:03+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-01T07:53:18+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/"},"wordCount":437,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/helico.avif","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/","url":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/","name":"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment | Gastro Health Center","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/helico.avif","datePublished":"2026-03-01T07:50:03+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-01T07:53:18+00:00","description":"Helicobacter pylori: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in Yerevan. When testing is needed and how eradication is performed.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/helico.avif","contentUrl":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/helico.avif","width":850,"height":850,"caption":"Helicobacter pylori \u0425\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0540\u0565\u056c\u056b\u056f\u0578\u0562\u0561\u056f\u057f\u0565\u0580 \u057a\u056b\u056c\u0578\u0580\u056b"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/helicobacter\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Helicobacter pylori: diagnosis &amp; treatment"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/","name":"Gastro Health Center","description":"Specialized Gastroenterology Center","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Gastro Clinic","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#organization","name":"Gastro Health Center","alternateName":"Gastro Clinic","url":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/icon.avif","contentUrl":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/icon.avif","width":708,"height":768,"caption":"Gastro Health Center"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/gastroclinic.am","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/gastroclinic.am\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/b2e39657479ef78838b4a6b4a51d495b","name":"Gastro health center","sameAs":["http:\/\/gastroclinic.am","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/gastroclinic.am","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/gastroclinic.am\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/gastroclinicmc"],"url":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/author\/gastroadmin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8351"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8351\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8356,"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8351\/revisions\/8356"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8351"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gastroclinic.am\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}